S Liu

The processing of words in sentence reading is influenced by both information from sentential context and information from previewing upcoming words, but how both effects interact during online reading is not clear. In this study, we tested the interaction of predictability effect and the preview effect in predicting reading processing. In the experiment, sentence constraint was controlled using all high-constraint sentences as materials. We manipulated both the predictability of the target word in the sentence and the semantic relationship between the preview word and the target word as predictors of the semantic preview effect. The results showed that the semantic preview effect was present only when the target word had low-predictability in the sentence but was not observed when the target word had high-predictability in the sentence. The results suggest that contextual information in reading can modulate the pre-activation of words and thus influence whether the preview word has a priming effect. The results of this study provide further evidence that reading comprehension involves an interactive system of processing multiple sources of information at multiple levels.

This paper investigates the public announcement logic $$\mathbf{PAL}$$ proposed by Plaza (1989) and the action model logic $$\mathbf{AM}$$ proposed by Baltag et al. (1998) from a proof-theoretic point of view. We introduce four non-labelled sequent calculi, namely $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{K45PAL}})$$, $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{S5PAL}})$$, $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{K45AM}})$$ and $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{S5AM}})$$ as expansions of sequent calculi for modal logics $$\boldsymbol{\rm{K45}}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{\rm{S5}}$$. We transform each of the recursion axioms of $$\boldsymbol{\rm{PAL}}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{\rm{AM}}$$ into left and right rules for the sequent calculi. For $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{K45PAL}})$$ and $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{K45AM}})$$, the cut elimination theorems are shown using the complexity measure introduced by van Ditmarsch et al. (2007). This measure was originally employed to establish semantic completeness via recursion axioms. While the cut elimination theorem fails in both $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{S5PAL}})$$ and $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{S5AM}})$$, we adopt Takano’s strategy (1992) to establish that the cut formulas in $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{S5PAL}})$$ and $$\mathsf{G}(\boldsymbol{\rm{S5AM}})$$ can be restricted to the set of suitably extended subformulas (i.e., closure) of the conclusion of the cut rule.

Emotional regulation skills are key predictors of individual long-term well-being. The current study explored how students’ perceptions of school institutional justice are associated with their emotional regulation skills, and examined whether perceived teacher support and peer support mediated this process. Data were collected from 62,723 students from across 50 primary, junior and senior middle schools in Xi’an, China. The construct validity of the measures was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on pre-test data from 405 students. To account for the clustered structure of the data, a two-level structural equation modeling approach was used. The results showed that school institutional justice was positively associated with students’ emotional regulation skills, and that this association was primarily indirect. Teacher support emerged as the primary pathway linking school institutional justice to students’ emotional regulation skills. Peer support contributed less as a mediating pathway, but played an additional role in a chain pathway from teacher support to peer support and then to students’ emotional regulation skills. The direct association between school institutional justice and students’ emotional regulation skills remained significant but was small. These findings highlight the positive roles of school institutional justice, teacher support, and peer support on enhancing students’ emotional regulation skills.

Abstract: The field of sentiment analysis is a crucial aspect of natural language processing (NPL)and is essential in discovering the emotional undertones within the text data and, hence, capturingpublic sentiments over a variety of issues. In this regard, this study suggests a deep learningtechnique for sentiment categorization on a Twitter dataset that is based on Long Short-TermMemory (LSTM) networks. Preprocessing is done comprehensively, feature extraction is donethrough a bag of words method, and 80-20 data is split using training and testing. The experimentalfindings demonstrate that the LSTM model outperforms the conventional models, such as SVM andNaïve Bayes, with an F1-score of 99.46%, accuracy of 99.13%, precision of 99.45%, and recall of99.25%. Additionally, AUC-ROC and PR curves validate the model’s effectiveness. Although, itperforms well the model consumes heavy computational resources and longer training time. Insummary, the results show that deep learning performs well in sentiment analysis and can be usedto social media monitoring, customer feedback evaluation, market sentiment analysis, etc.

This paper examines James Legge’s innovative use of comparative apologetics as a translation strategy in his rendition of Chinese classics during the Victorian era. While previous scholarship has often viewed Legge’s work through the lens of either colonial discourse or purely scholarly achievement, this study reveals how his comparative apologetic approach enabled a more nuanced cross-cultural dialogue between Chinese and Western thought systems. Through analysis of his translation choices, paratextual materials, and evolving interpretive frameworks, the paper demonstrates how Legge strategically negotiated between his missionary identity and scholarly commitments. His approach to key concepts like “Shangdi” (上帝), “Dao” (道), and Mencius’ theory of human nature reveals sophisticated comparative frameworks that acknowledge both similarities and differences between traditions. Though constrained by Victorian theological assumptions, Legge’s comparative apologetics created intellectual spaces where genuine cross-cultural understanding could emerge. His translation methodology – combining philological rigor with comparative religious frameworks – established new standards for scholarly translation while facilitating meaningful dialogue across profound philosophical differences. This research contributes to our understanding of how translation functions as cultural mediation in contexts of religious and philosophical difference, with implications for contemporary cross-cultural communication.

Music is an essential component of human culture, and vocal music, as an important form of music, carries rich emotions and feelings, possessing unique charm in expressing and conveying emotion. In vocal music learning, solfeggio is a crucial training method that enhances learners’ visual and auditory perception of musical works, as well as their understanding and mastery of elements such as melody, harmony, and rhythm, thereby improving their singing proficiency and musical literacy. In the multi-voice training of solfeggio, “playing and singing” holds unique significance and value as an important training format. This paper aims to explore the significance of “playing and singing” in multi-voice solfeggio training and its application in vocal works. It elaborates on the importance of “playing and singing” in vocal training and compares the differences between vocal works and “playing and singing” in solfeggio classes, laying a foundation for subsequent analysis. The study focuses on two representative multi-voice playing and singing works: the Chinese art song Plum Blossoms in the Snow and the foreign art song Du Ring an meinem Finger. By analyzing the musical characteristics and structures of these two works, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the singing techniques and requirements of multi-voice playing and singing. Finally, the study explores the practical application of playing and singing training in solfeggio within vocal works. By introducing the functions and methods of playing and singing training in solfeggio and using Plum Blossoms in the Snow and Du Ring an meinem Finger as case studies, this paper elucidates the role and significance of playing and singing training in vocal music learning. This study aims to provide references and guidance for music students, helping them better learn solfeggio, vocal music, and playing and singing, thereby improving their musical literacy and singing proficiency.

This paper explores the multi-dimensional universe and raises questions on intelligent matters. It also explores the possibility of material transfers between the three-dimensional universe and higher dimensional universe. The author proposes that the origin of the universe is energy and that the existence of the three-dimensional universe based on matters is a special form of existence in the multi-dimensional universe. The paper also comes with the concept of intelligent matters for which the humankind is part of.

The biology major has developed rapidly in recent years. Biology is a science that penetrates every aspect of human life and is one of the core majors in most agricultural colleges and universities. However, many teachers lack practical experience in the subject. To overcome this problem, in recent years, we have been trying to introduce new reforms into our teaching. This article provides some insight into the way that biology majors have been reformed, which will help educators in agricultural colleges and universities. At present, teachers implement the “Industrial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Cultivation” model, but it is not clear whether this helps biology majors to master the course and improve their practical skills. In this study, the IIETC model is outlined, and the academic achievement and satisfaction of students taught under the IIETC model are assessed. A T-test is used to examine potential differences between IIETC and traditional teaching models. In-depth interviews and questionnaires were given to two groups of students who followed different teaching models as part of an exploratory study. The aim was to explore how effective IIETC is at helping biology majors master the course and improve students’ wellbeing. Our results show that compared with traditional teaching methods, the IIETC model has a significant positive impact on the academic performance and happiness of biology students. Students trained under the IIETC model were more active and scored more highly in their final exams. They were more likely to feel that they had achieved success and happiness through the course. The outcomes of this research reveal a novel teaching reform that improved students’ enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The effects are very encouraging and deserve further exploration and expansion in future work.

Background Ethical decision-making in nursing is crucial for care quality and patient safety. Nursing interns, being in a critical transition from students to professional nurses, have ethical decision-making abilities that are susceptible to environmental and individual factors. It is necessary to explore the latent profiles of ethical decision-making among interns and their influencing factors to provide targeted educational interventions. Aim To identify latent profiles of ethical decision-making in clinical nursing interns and analyze their influencing factors. Study Design A cross-sectional study design was adopted. Participants and Setting In August 2025, 640 nursing interns were recruited from four medical universities in China using convenience sampling. Data were collected via the Questionnaire Star platform, including a general information questionnaire, the Ethical Decision-Making Competence Scale (EDM-CS), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C (IRI-C). Latent profile analysis was conducted based on the four dimensions of the EDM-CS, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze influencing factors. Ethical Considerations We obtained ethical approval from the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (Approval number: [2024]710). Results Three latent profiles of ethical decision-making were identified: Ethical Decision-making Basic Type (35.47%, n = 227), Ethical Decision-making Intermediate Type (52.81%, n = 338), and Ethical Decision-making Integration Type (11.72%, n = 75). Multivariate logistic regression showed that male interns were less likely to belong to the Ethical Decision-making Intermediate Type (OR = 0.46, p =.008) and the Ethical Decision-making Integration Type (OR = 0.26, p =.017). A positive hospital teaching environment significantly promoted membership in both the Ethical Decision-making Intermediate Type (OR = 1.84, p =.009) and the Ethical Decision-making Integration Type (OR = 9.12, p

This study examines the theological foundations and ethical implications of Mo Zi's concept of “universal love” (jian ai) and Christian “agape,” exploring their religious dimensions, ontological bases, and contemporary significance. While existing scholarship has often emphasized the ethical similarities between these two traditions, this research provides a more nuanced theological analysis that reveals their distinctive religious foundations. Through systematic examination of Mohist writings and New Testament sources, particularly the Gospels and Johannine literature, this study demonstrates that these love concepts emerge from fundamentally different religious worldviews: Mo Zi's universal love flows from Heaven's impartial concern for human welfare and seeks sociopolitical harmony, while Christian agape emerges from God's self-giving nature and aims at divine-human communion. Despite these theological differences, both traditions establish love as a religious imperative with radical implications for social ethics, transcending conventional boundaries of moral concern. This comparative theological analysis offers resources for contemporary interreligious dialogue and cross-cultural ethical engagement, suggesting how these complementary religious visions might address shared global challenges while respecting their distinctive spiritual foundations.

With the continuous progress of contemporary science and technology and cognitive neuroscience, a series of studies have revealed the significant overlap between music and language in the brain processing area, which provides important theoretical support for the transfer of music as an interdisciplinary tool to the field of foreign language teaching and research. Therefore, in-depth study of the interaction between music and language has a positive role in promoting the optimization of foreign language teaching strategies. Based on the review of 65 relevant studies (1998-2024), this article aims to explore the potential role of music in foreign language learning and make an in-depth analysis of the limitations of the current research, providing beneficial suggestions for future foreign language teaching and theoretical research.

With the rise of the metaverse concept, the virtual human sector has once again gained momentum, and virtual art is infused with new possibilities and hopes. The emergence of the virtual human Liu Ye Xi has broken through the domestic ceiling for virtual beings, opening up a narrative metaverse that presents new aesthetic changes characterized by immersion, interactivity, and hyperreality. From a rational and objective perspective, examining the new artistic space in the metaverse and engaging in aesthetic reflection reveals two major issues: the invisible control of technology and the "hyperreality" of simulacra.

This study aims to explore the influence of music training on the lexical richness of English writing. The method of this study is both qualitative and quantitative. Through a nearly 8-week music and writing training, an experiment was conducted on 40 research subjects (20 in experimental group and 20 in control group), and self-built corpora were established for analysis. The results show that music training effectively improved the lexical variability, complexity, and density of the experimental group, reduced the use of high-frequency words, increased the use of low-frequency words, and increased the proportion of content words. The results of interview also indicate that the majority of research subjects generally believed that music training has a positive influence on the lexical richness of English writing, and improves writing and emotional expression abilities. This study provides theoretical and practical basis for integrating music into the teaching of English writing, points out the limitations of this research and suggests directions for subsequent research.

Drawing on an online experiment with a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 948), this study examined how individuals’ experience with AI and self-assessed AI literacy, spanning perceived knowledge, capabilities, and evaluations, were associated with their attribution of AI authorship to college admissions essays. The study focused on the attributional heuristics people apply, such as writing style or references to personal experience, when inferring whether a piece of content was generated by AI. Results show that participants with greater AI experience were more likely to use experience-related cues, while those with higher subjective knowledge of AI relied on all content heuristics, including those previously shown to be unreliable indicators of perceived AI authorship, potentially exhibiting a confidence–competence mismatch (i.e., Dunning–Kruger Effect). Additionally, people with higher ethical concerns about AI are less likely to attribute writings to AI, regardless of content heuristics. These findings highlight the role of individual differences in AI authorship attribution, reveal limitations of human judgment in high-stakes contexts, and underscore the importance of critical AI literacy and value-based biases in public perceptions of generative AI.

This article offers a theoretical comparison between field and ecology, as developed by Pierre Bourdieu and the Chicago School of sociology. While field theory and ecological theory share similar conceptualizations of actors, positions, and relations, and while they converge in their views on structural isomorphism, temporality, and social psychology, they are quite different on several other scores: power and inequality, endogeneity, heterogeneity, metaphorical sources, and abstraction. With a fine-grained comparison of the two approaches, this article provides the basis for a continuous dialogue among social theorists and empirical researchers regarding the nature of social space, its structural and processual composition, and how it changes over time.

This study aims to identify current deficiencies in the protection of human subjects participating in clinical trials in China and propose strategies for safeguarding their rights. We conducted a comprehensive literature review on the protection of human subjects in clinical trials and gathered insights from experts and scholars among stakeholders. The Delphi expert consultation method was used to analyze and summarize the shortcomings in China’s regulatory framework for human subject protection and to develop strategies for improvement. Two rounds of surveys were conducted with experts from research institutions, ethics committees, regulatory agencies, sponsors, and Site Management Organizations (SMOs). The top three issues and proposed solutions were discussed and addressed based on expert consensus. A total of 30 articles were reviewed, leading to the identification of 46 distinct issues, which were categorized into three groups: compensation, privacy, and informed consent. Sixteen respondents completed both rounds of the survey, which included 56 questions (10 new questions were proposed in the first round). Compensation-related issues included the absence of a comprehensive “mandatory insurance system,” incomplete insurance systems and compensation procedures, and the lack of clear differentiation between liability for clinical trial infringements and medical harm. Privacy concerns involved inadequate regulations, privacy risks associated with third-party recruitment, and data entry by clinical research coordinators. Problems related to informed consent were primarily due to inadequate awareness and capacity among investigators, a lack of oversight by ethics committees, and the absence of legal standards for broad informed consent. By improving the details of compensation rights, privacy protection, and informed consent in regulations, all parties involved in clinical trials can be encouraged to more effectively protect the rights and interests of subjects.

Humans are created by the universe, and in turn, they use language, writing, numbers, science, and coordinate systems to create all “man-made existences” such as science, philosophy, and religion. Humans do so out of necessity for survival and existence. Humans are representatives of the universe, with senses, perception, and subjective consciousness, creating language, writing, and numbers, and using the mind and information to create “existence.” This is the innate ability of humans to learn, create, discover contradictions, and solve them, as well as the meaning of human existence. The fundamental purpose of human existence is to understand oneself and to understand existence. The origin of human existence is to understand oneself and existence with the mind.

The effect of authentic leadership and leader competency on employee job performance has received growing attention in the past decades; however, few studies have simultaneously integrated these two leadership perspectives. We have thus developed a mediated moderation model to test the interactive effect of authentic leadership and competency on followers’ job performance through work engagement. Based on a sample of 248 subordinate–supervisor pairs, hierarchical regression analyses reveal that authentic leadership positively relates to followers’ task performance and organizational citizenship behavior ; leader competency moderates the relationship between authentic leadership and OCB; and followers’ work engagement mediates the main effect of authentic leadership and the interactive effect of authentic leadership and competency on followers’ task performance and OCB. All the three results are consistent with our hypotheses.

The Cabin Pressure Control System is an essential part of the aviation environmental control system that ensures aircraft structure and flight crew safety. However, the CPCS usually has potential faults of sensors and actuators. To this end, a Simple Adaptive Control- based reconfiguration method is proposed to compensate for the above adverse effects. Some good pressure control performance of CPCS can be achieved by the basic pressure controller when the system is in normal operation. A parallel feedforward compensator is designed to guarantee the closed-loop system’s stability and the almost strictly positive realness of the augmented system. Thus, the simple adaptive controller can be utilized for the CPCS. In particular, the reconfiguration system can update the control law online when the fault occurs without the system identification process. The reference model is obtained by mathematical model linearization after considering the mechanical characteristics of the CPCS. Extensive simulations under various typical fault scenarios are carried out throughout the entire flight envelope of the aircraft from take-off to landing. Simulation results validate the robustness and reconfiguration control capability of the proposed method.

PurposeThe effect of sensorimotor stripping on neuroplasticity and motor imagery capacity is unknown, and the physiological mechanisms of post-amputation phantom limb pain (PLP) illness remain to be investigated.Materials and methodsIn this study, an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) analysis was conducted using a bilateral lower limb motor imagery (MI) paradigm. The differences in the execution of motor imagery tasks between left lower limb amputations and healthy controls were explored, and a correlation analysis was calculated between level of phantom limb pain and ERD/ERS.ResultsThe multiple frequency bands showed a significant ERD phenomenon when the healthy control group performed the motor imagery task, whereas amputees showed significant ERS phenomena in mu band. Phantom limb pain in amputees was negatively correlated with bilateral sensorimotor areas electrode powers.ConclusionSensorimotor abnormalities reduce neural activity in the sensorimotor cortex, while the motor imagination of the intact limb is diminished. In addition, phantom limb pain may lead to over-activation of sensorimotor areas, affecting bilateral sensorimotor area remodeling.