Angelito Malicse

Abstract The problem of free will has remained unresolved for thousands of years, despite centuries of debate among philosophers, scientists, and theologians. This paper outlines the major historical approaches to free will, identifies their limitations, and introduces Angelito Malicse's universal formula as a potentially complete and unifying solution. The formula, grounded in natural law, feedback mechanisms, and systems theory, offers a coherent and applicable resolution to the longstanding free will dilemma.

Abstract The spread of Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula was a multifaceted process that unfolded over centuries, driven by military conquests, trade, missionary activity, and cultural integration. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how the Islamic Caliphates facilitated the expansion of Islam across diverse regions including the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Central and South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on historical accounts and scholarly research, it highlights the roles of governance, tolerance, and intellectual engagement in establishing Islam as a global religion. The paper also distinguishes between the spread of Sunni and Shia Islam and how both branches contributed to Islamic expansion.

Abstract Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s concept of Wilayat al-Faqih (Guardianship of the Jurist), which became the foundation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a controversial innovation within Islamic political thought. This paper critically examines the doctrine by comparing it with the original teachings and political model of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Through historical analysis and references to primary Islamic sources, it argues that the doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqih represents a significant departure from both early Islamic governance and Shia theological principles, potentially constituting a violation of the Prophet's model of justice, consultation, and leadership.

Abstract Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini revolutionized Twelver Shia Islamic thought by introducing the concept of Wilayat al-Faqih—the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist. This doctrine fundamentally altered the traditional apolitical stance of Shia clerics by asserting that, during the occultation of the Twelfth Imam, a qualified jurist should assume both religious and political leadership. This paper examines the theological foundation, historical development, and political implications of Wilayat al-Faqih, especially its institutionalization in the Islamic Republic of Iran after 1979. The doctrine remains a subject of debate within the Shia world and has had far-reaching consequences for the intersection of Islam and governance.

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive comparative study of the leadership structures in Twelver Shia and Sunni Islam, focusing particularly on the development of the concept of Wilayat al-Faqih in Shia political thought and its implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It also explores how ordinary believers in both traditions choose their religious guides, offers historical context for the evolution of religious leadership, and includes a side-by-side analysis of major institutional roles. The paper concludes with an integrated chart illustrating these differences.

Historical Split Chart of Shia Islam Islamic Succession after Prophet Muhammad (632 CE) │ ├── Sunni Islam: Majority who followed Abu Bakr as Caliph │ └── Shia Islam: Minority who followed Ali ibn Abi Talib │ ├── Early Shia Imams (1st to 5th): Ali → Hasan → Husayn → Zayn al-Abidin → Muhammad al-Baqir │ └── 6th Imam: Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765 CE) │ ├── Twelver Shia (Ithnāʿashariyyah) │ └── Followed Musa al-Kazim as 7th Imam → continued to 12th Imam (al-Mahdi) │ └── Ismaili Shia │ └── Followed Isma'il ibn Ja'far (or his son Muhammad) as 7th Imam │ ├── Nizari Ismailis → Led by Aga Khan IV today │ └── Musta'li Ismailis → Includes Dawoodi Bohras (India) │ └── Zaydi Shia └── Followed Zayd ibn Ali (grandson of Husayn) → open Imamate, similar to Sunni politics

Abstract This paper explores the historical foundations of Jewish and Palestinian presences in the Holy Land. While Jewish identity boasts documented settlement and cultural continuity dating back over three millennia, modern Palestinian identity, although formally emerging in the early 20th century, is rooted in populations with rich, ancient ancestry. Through archaeological records, historical texts, and modern historiography, this study demonstrates that although Jewish connection to the land is the oldest, Palestinian lineage in the region is deeply ancient and continuous.

Abstract This paper argues that widespread leadership failure is rooted in the dysfunction of three foundational pillars of society: the educational system, the family structure, and the neglect of genuine spirituality. Drawing upon educational research, family psychology, and ethical leadership frameworks, we show how a lack of critical thinking, moral guidance, emotional maturity, and spiritual grounding leads to leaders who are disconnected from the common good. We conclude by exploring how systemic reforms in these domains are essential to cultivating future leaders with wisdom, integrity, and compassion.

Introduction The problem of free will has long been a central concern of human thought. Through my universal formula—based on three fundamental laws of nature—it becomes clear that human suffering, societal conflict, and ecological imbalance stem not from a lack of freedom, but from misguided, uninformed, or dogmatically constrained decisions. One of the most significant obstacles to balanced, conscious decision-making is the believer’s uncritical submission to religious dogma. While religion has historically offered moral guidance, meaning, and community, its dogmatic forms often result in rigid mental structures that violate the universal law of balance in nature, the law of cause and effect (karma), and the proper functioning of interdependent systems—be they mental, social, or ecological.

Abstract The territorial boundaries and political status of Palestine have undergone profound transformations over the centuries, shaped by successive empires, colonial powers, and contemporary geopolitical conflicts. This paper offers a comprehensive historical overview of Palestine's land area from antiquity to the present day, tracing shifts in governance, territorial demarcation, and international recognition. Drawing from historical records and international legal frameworks, this study contextualizes the contested geography of Palestine in both regional and global perspectives.

Abstract Dreaming, particularly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, is a complex phenomenon found in certain animals, particularly mammals and birds. This paper explores why and how dreaming evolved, identifying its functional significance in biological species. Drawing from neurobiology, evolutionary psychology, and comparative studies in animal behavior, the discussion covers the adaptive benefits of dreaming—ranging from memory consolidation and emotional regulation to threat simulation and cognitive development—and traces its emergence along a phylogenetic timeline.

Introduction The Spanish colonization of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 introduced a unique form of governance characterized by the fusion of ecclesiastical and colonial powers. Although the Spanish Crown was the official source of authority, the Roman Catholic Church—particularly through its religious orders—played a pivotal role in administering colonial society. This paper explores the role of the Catholic Church in governance during Spanish colonization, the socio-political influence of the clergy, key events such as the execution of Gomburza, and the eventual backlash during the Philippine Revolution, including the imprisonment of friars under Emilio Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government.

Abstract Political leadership across nations often fails to address the root causes of systemic societal problems such as corruption, inequality, environmental degradation, and authoritarianism. This paper introduces a corrective framework grounded in the "Three Universal Formula" developed by the author. The formula, derived from fundamental laws of nature and systems thinking, aims to address the inherent flaws in political leadership through a new paradigm rooted in moral accountability, feedback systems, and balance. Through case studies, real-world analogies, and philosophical grounding, this paper provides a practical and theoretical basis for the transformation of governance structures.

Iran’s transformation from a Sunni-majority region into the epicenter of Twelver Shia Islam—and the subsequent overthrow of its monarch by a Shiite-led revolution in 1979—reflect two of the most pivotal developments in the history of the Islamic world. These events, separated by nearly five centuries, demonstrate the dynamic interplay of religious doctrine, political ambition, and popular sentiment in shaping national identity. This paper explores how the Safavid dynasty institutionalized Twelver Shiism in the 16th century and how Ayatollah Khomeini’s revolutionary leadership replaced a Western-backed monarchy with an Islamic theocracy in the 20th century.

Abstract This paper explores whether the invention of religion is a product of human biological evolution, and how it connects with Angelito Malicse’s Universal Formula. It examines the scientific, spiritual, and philosophical perspectives on the origin and role of religion, and interprets these through the lens of the Universal Formula, which incorporates natural laws such as the law of karma, the feedback mechanism of conscious minds, and the law of balance in nature. The findings suggest that religion emerged as both a byproduct of evolved cognitive functions and a cultural system designed to maintain societal harmony. When aligned with natural law, religion contributes positively to human development. When misaligned, it leads to societal dysfunction.

Abstract This paper explores the historical and theological foundations of the hijab and modest dress code for women during the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Drawing on the Qur'an, Hadith literature, and scholarly interpretations, it demonstrates that while the Prophet consistently advocated modesty in dress and behavior for both men and women, his approach was compassionate and educative rather than coercive. The concept of hijab, originally meaning barrier or partition, evolved into a broader cultural and religious practice that included the headscarf and other modest attire. The paper concludes that the Prophet’s teachings promoted modesty as a personal spiritual commitment rather than a strictly enforced legal code.

Abstract This paper explores the fundamental reasons why individuals may achieve billionaire status at a young age while rarely, if ever, attaining recognition as true philosophers at the same stage of life. By comparing the nature of wealth accumulation with the development of philosophical insight, the paper argues that while wealth can result from technical skill and circumstantial advantage, philosophical maturity is inherently tied to lived experience, reflection, and existential struggle. This analysis draws on historical examples, psychological studies, and philosophical texts.

In many societies, religion plays a significant role in shaping personal, cultural, and social identity. As individuals grow and experience new ideas, it is not uncommon for their belief systems to evolve. Some may become more secular in their thinking while continuing to maintain their born religion externally. In such situations, keeping quiet about one’s internal shift in belief can often be the most practical and respectful choice. This paper explores the reasons why remaining silent about secular beliefs, while maintaining a religious appearance, can be beneficial.

Abstract This paper explores the deep relationship between Kurt Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems and the Universal Formula of Nature composed of three interdependent laws: the Law of Karma, the Law of Feedback Mechanism, and the Law of Balance in Nature. These laws provide a natural, systems-based interpretation of logical limitations and human decision-making. By framing Gödel’s theorems within these universal laws, we gain insights into the fundamental constraints of formal systems and the necessity of external feedback for achieving intellectual and existential balance.