Juan García

At the end of the colonial epoch, the commercial taxes applied to the commodities that the Spanish America needed for its mainteinance supposed a heavy load for the economic and social life of those lands. The dissatisfaction that this supposed, together with the political and social crisis of the Spanish empire, generated an auspicious cultivation brotli that encouraged the struggle spirit of independence. It is demonstrated until which extent many of the inhabitants of those lands were well aware of the abusive tax system that and how other solutions to the problem were offered.

The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate a series of connections in terms of concepts and subjects between Ockham and Kant’s philosophical models that may provide a comprehensive framework for their respective insights on Law. Our main thesis postulates the existence of a continuum of certain fundamental assumptions derived from Nominalist theology and enlightened rationality that contribute to the essential unity of so-called “modern thought” and how such continuity is projected in the legal domain. In this sense, we suggest the need to reflect upon the tacit Nominalism underlying Kantian criticism, which, although devoid of all theological premises, reconstructs metaphysics while preserving its basic scheme. In order to do so, our starting point is a very brief reference to the similarities between their respective theories of knowledge. We go on to analyze the structure behind moral actions according to Ockham and Kant’s doctrines. Finally, we point to certain founding principles and elements common to both doctrines in the field of legal-political thought

Este trabajo trata de explicitar la comunidad estructural que, desde el punto de vista filosófico propio de una hermenéutica deudora del método de análisis de las estructuras de pensamiento desarrollado por André de Muralt, existe entre los modelos de ética discursiva de fundamentación y explicación de lo político (específicamente de lo justo), expresados en las posturas teóricas de Jürgen Habermas y de Karl-Otto Apel, y los modelos iusnaturalistas modernos. En última instancia, se pretende poner de manifiesto el estrecho vínculo filosófico existente entre ambos, con el objeto de clarificar la discusión filosófico-política y jurídica actual, donde estos modelos tienen una pujanza especial, para constatar finalmente que se trata de variaciones (más o menos sofisticadas) sobre un mismo tema, ya explicitado en la Modernidad.

La teoría de sistemas formulada por el sociólogo Niklas Luhmann constituye uno de los más notables productos teóricos de lo que se ha venido en llamar la postmodernidad. Su gran capacidad explicativa la hace muy interesante como modelo de comprensión de lo social, lo político y lo jurídico en la compleja realidad actual. El presente trabajo pretende interpretar esta teoría desde una perspectiva metodológicamente estructural, esto es, explicitando la estructura de pensamiento sobre la que descansa desde una hermenéutica que la considera analógicamente en relación con la Modernidad, con el propósito de comprenderla en el ámbito filosófico más abierto posible, el metafísico, y en el más concreto de la teoría sociológica, política y jurídica actual.

To survive and be successful in today's setting of globalisation and complexity, companies are obliged to think in wider strategic terms, developing active and enterprising strategies that include social, political and ecological elements, besides the economic ones. The analysis of the relationship between companies and society is especially interesting when these companies operate in international markets. Countries demand that large corporations contribute to local, regional and national development in such a way that their resources are exchanged for a significant increase in their citizens' quality of life. Faced with that fact, the aim of this work is to establish what actions the subsidiaries will take in order to offer a response to the needs of their stakeholders in the host countries. Secondly, we attempt to identify the factors explaining the different levels of social response of the subsidiaries established in a particular country by different parent companies. The empirical study was carried out on a sample of Spanish subsidiaries in the two manufacturing industries with most foreign investment (the chemical and automobile industries) and the results obtained both confirmed the validity of the tool used to measure social response and permitted us to determine which factors influence the institutionalisation of social responsiveness.