J. Martinez

The Liar Paradox is a classic argument that creates a contradiction by reflection on a sentence that attributes falsity to itself: ‘this sentence is false’. In our paper we will discuss the ways in which the Liar sentence (and its paradoxical argument) can be represented in first-order logic. The key to the representation is to use first-order logic to model a self-referential language. We will also discuss several related sentences, like the Liar cycles, the empirical versions of the Liar and the Truth teller sentences.

Financial literacy is becoming a pivotal skill in navigating the marketplaces within the predominant rising digital branches of trading domains; however, there remains a concerning gap in the purchasing behavior of adolescents, who are its primary users. With this in mind, the main objective of our research is to determine whether there is a relationship between a student's level of financial literacy and their online purchase decision-making. The researchers employed an explanatory mixed approach and purposive sampling to identify respondents from Immaculate Conception College of Balayan, Inc. A 5-point Likert scale survey was utilized to collect data from 66 respondents, followed by semi-structured interviews with 10 selected participants. The results showed a moderately positive correlation between a student's financial literacy and online purchase decisions, as determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Thus, the thematic analysis revealed that respondents generally have good financial literacy, emphasizing factors like pricing, online reviews, and product ratings when making digital marketplace decisions. However, there are notable gaps in their understanding of basic financial concepts and their ability to apply them in real-life situations. To effectively enhance students’ financial literacy and online purchasing decisions, a holistic approach is necessary, including targeted interventions, practical applications, and continuous adaptation to evolving consumer behaviors. Educational institutions, policymakers, and stakeholders should work together to create comprehensive programs that provide students with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to negotiate real-world financial situations and make sound judgments in the digital commerce ecosystem. By emphasizing practical learning, key financial concepts, and trustbuilding approaches, educators may empower students to become responsible consumers capable of managing their resources successfully and ethically.

Retraction note: Portilla Martínez, J. C. (2022). Agroturism, a sustainable alternative for the rural sector in Floridablanca, Santander. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 12(6), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.3996 The Editorial Office of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group has retracted this article. An investigation carried out by our Research Integrity Department has found a group of articles, among which this one is found, that are not within the thematic scope of the journal. We believe that the editorial process was manipulated and, furthermore, acceptance decisions were made under possibly inappropriate peer review.

Con motivo de la celebración del cuarto centenario del nacimiento de René Descartes, se presenta la traducción del ballet titulado El nacimiento de la paz, unos versos que el filósofo francés compusiera, durante su estancia en Suecia, para festejar el recién obtenido Tratado de Westfalia, en coincidencia con el cumpleaños de la Reina Cristina, con quien Descartes mantuvo, antes de su traslado a Estocolmo, una interesante relación epistolar. Se ofrece la traducción de la carta con que se inició la misma

The Texas borderlands have come to be increasingly important in the historical literature and in public opinion for the way that the region shapes national thought on race, borders, and ethnicity. With this increasing importance, it is pressing to examine the history of these issues in the region so that they may be accurately and insightfully deployed. This article contributes to the existing scholarship with a close discursive analysis of race in the booster materials, 1904-1941. The booster materials forge a notion of race relations that borrows from tropes common across the West but is also informed by Jim Crow and the unique demands of the region. The booster materials forward a notion of race that is largely unique in Western boosterism, positing only two major characters, Mexicans and white Northerners. The figure of ‘the Mexican’ is drawn more as a part of nature than human society in that it shares the fundamental characteristics of the land, animals, and rivers of the region. Nature in the region is depicted as an adventitious, disorderly, and wasteful body that calls out for northern discipline. The ‘Northerners’ are figured as the ones who, through applying discipline to the natural resources of the area (land, water, and Mexicans) can bring reason, fertility, and profitable connection to the national economy. The consequences of this racial division are further explored in the article as they play out in schooling, religion, justice, beauty, leisure, and sport.

En estas líneas se presenta el contenido del primer artículo que Arintero escribió para el primer número de la revista Ciencia Tomista. Después de una introducción, se sitúa la reflexión arinteriana en el contexto en el que fue publicada, comparándolo con el contexto de la cultura y de la eclesiología actual, poniendo de relieve algunas diferencias, pero también algunas constantes importantes, como el problema del relativismo, que impregnaba la filosofía de muchos hombres de ciencia de entonces y que hoy se ha convertido en un fenómeno masivo en la cultura occidental. Luego se presentan los tres temas más importantes que Arintero trata en su artículo: 1) el concepto genuino de Iglesia, donde aparece como un organismo dinámico que está siempre desarrollando sus capacidades; concepto que sirve para hacer de ella «una hermosa y completa apología» contra todas las acusaciones que se le han hecho y se le siguen haciendo. Se presentan aquí también algunas de esas acusaciones para mostrar su inconsistencia; 2) a continuación se habla de la libertad de investigación en la Iglesia y de la relación entre la religión católica y el progreso, señalando la actualidad de estos temas y alguna pista sobre cómo se abordan hoy; 3) seguidamente se trata el tema de la relación entre la ciencia y la fe, haciendo también referencia a algunos documentos del magisterio pontificio que se centran en la mima cuestión. La conclusión constata la pertinencia del concepto arinteriano de Iglesia –que no pretende ser exhaustivo–, y en ella se señalan algunos datos que muestran su desarrollo orgánico, doctrinal y místico.This is the content of the first article Arintero wrote in the first issue of the Ciencia Tomista journal. After an introduction, Arintero’s reflection is placed in the context in which was published, in comparison with the present context of the culture and the ecclesiology, pointing out the differences, but also some important similarities such as the relativism problem that soaked the philosophy of many scientific men of that time and today, it became a massive phenomenon in the occidental culture. Later, the three most important themes that Arintero deals with, are presented: 1) the genuine concept of the Church, where it appears as a dynamic organism always developing its capabilities; concept able to make “a beautiful and complete apology” of it against all the done accusations and still doing to it. Some of these accusations are also present here to prove their inconsistency; 2) later it is talked about investigation freedom in the Church and the relation between the Catholic religion and the progress showing the present situation of these themes and some clues of how to tackle them today; 3) immediately, the theme of the relation between science and faith is treated with reference to some documents of the pontifical teaching about the same question. The conclusion confirms Arintero’s appropriate concept of the Church-which does not try to be exhaustive- and indicates some data that show its organic, doctrinal and mystic development

En este artículo se abordan las principales reflexiones políticas y jurídicasrealizadas por Muratori durante los últimos años de su vida. En primerlugar, estudiaré su doctrina sobre los fundamentos del poder político ycomentaré algunos de sus consejos sobre cómo deben actuar los gobernantespara fomentar la pública felicidad. Después, partiendo de la idea de que elDerecho condiciona la consecución de esa finalidad, me centraré en el análisisde la obra Dei difetti della giurisprudenza, el tratado jurídico más relevanteelaborado por nuestro autor. Y, por último, desarrollaré las dos principalespropuestas jurídicas contenidas en ese trabajo: la que aboga porlimitar la función desempeñada por la jurisprudencia y la destinada a promoverla imparcialidad de la actividad jurisdiccional y la aplicación correctade las leyes frente a la arbitrariedad judicial.

We address some phenomena about the interaction between lower semicontinuous submeasures on $${\mathbb {N}}$$ N and $$F_{\sigma }$$ F σ ideals. We analyze the pathology degree of a submeasure and present a method to construct pathological $$F_{\sigma }$$ F σ ideals. We give a partial answers to the question of whether every nonpathological tall $$F_{\sigma }$$ F σ ideal is Katětov above the random ideal or at least has a Borel selector. Finally, we show a representation of nonpathological $$F_{\sigma }$$ F σ ideals using sequences in Banach spaces.