José García

This article first presents the aristotelian criticism of the conception of God as Esse ipsum subsistens in Thomas Aquinas, through one of the most important aristotelian philosophers today, Enrico Berti. Then the answer offered by the thomist Stephen L. Brock in his defense of the ipsum esse is set forth, with reference to the recent disputes regarding this issue in the so-called «analytical thomism». The aim is to determine the status of the recent debate between aristotelians and thomists regarding the question of God as Esse ipsum subsistens, in order to ascertain whether the historical incompatibility between the two metaphysical conceptions is to be considered definitive.

Language employs various coordinators to connect propositions, a subset of which are “logical” in nature and thus analogous to the truth operators of formal logic. We here focus on two linguistic connectives and their negations: conjunction _and_ and (inclusive) disjunction _or_. Linguistic connectives exhibit a truth-conditional component as part of their meaning (their semantics), but their use in context can give rise to various implicatures and presuppositions (the domain of pragmatics) as well as to inferences that go beyond semantic/pragmatic properties (the result of reasoning processes). We provide a comprehensive review of the role of the logical connectives in language and argue that three sets of factors—semantic, pragmatic, and those related to reasoning—are separate and separable, though some details may differ cross-linguistically. As a way to showcase the argument, we present two experiments in language comprehension in Spanish wherein pragmatic content was minimised and reasoning processes neutered, thus potentially highlighting what might be the default meanings of the connectives under study. In Experiment 1 we show that the conjunctive reading of inclusive disjunction is available in positive contexts other than in syntactically intricate cases such as downward entailing and free choice contexts, contrary to what has been claimed in the literature. In Experiment 2 we show that negated conjunctions and disjunctions in Spanish can easily receive the same interpretation when contrasted against the same context and, moreover, that these interpretations match those available in English, despite claims from the literature that linguistic connectives and local negation interact differently in English and Romance languages.

En este trabajo se presenta la concepción aristotélica de la filosofía primera como ciencia de los principios y de las causas primeras según el libro primero de la Metafísica. Para ello, se distinguen tres momentos sucesivos que constituyen el análisis de la naturaleza y la meta que debe alcanzar esta ciencia: 1) la concepción de la sabiduría como ciencia que se ocupa de ciertos principios y causas; 2) la sabiduría como ciencia de los primeros principios y de las causas; 3) la determinación de las cuatro causas primeras como tarea de la filosofía primera. De este modo, se pretende mostrar que la Metafísica de Aristóteles es un intento para explicar las últimas cuestiones, el último porqué, indicando cuatro géneros diferentes de respuesta.

This book is devoted to discussion of the views of Pierre Musso and starts with a central chapter written by Musso, entitled Network Ideology: from Saint-Simonianism to the Internet. Pierre Musso is a French philosopher and is one of the most original thinkers in the history of the network society. His thought develops a critique of information and communication technologies through their imaginary and social representations and of the information society, based on the network metaphor. The main question on which Musso has focused his attention is how the network metaphor is one of the most powerful ways of understanding the complex societies in which we live. Showing characteristic attention to detail, and drawing on the history of ideas, political philosophy and sociology, Musso traces the genealogy of the network imaginary, and points out that it did not emerge with the Internet. He shows how its modern roots can be found in Henri de Saint-Simon and his disciples, engineers and entrepreneurs such as Michel de Chevalier, and Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin, who developed channel networks, railroads, and the telegraphic network in France in the nineteenth century. In addition to the central piece written by Musso, the book includes a general introduction and six commentaries from experts on information technologies and networks. It displays a wide range of perspectives from a diverse set of authors in terms of nationalities and universities, as well as disciplinary backgrounds.

El artículo se propone mostrar que las concepciones semántica y pragmática del significado, asumidas por Heidegger y Merleau-Ponty, respectivamente, dan lugar a interpretaciones disímiles de la diferencia la política-lo político, de gran difusión en el pensamiento contemporáneo. La tesis es que Heidegger y la llamada izquierda heideggeriana, Lacoue-Labarthe, Nancy, asumiendo la prevalencia epocal del inicio ontológico occidental, se comprometen con una concepción semántica, en último término esencialista. La historia de Occidente queda orientada por una metafísica identificada con la tecnología, con lo que, por una parte, la libertad subjetiva moderna y los derechos a los que da lugar quedan traslapados por aquella, y por otra, la política y lo político quedan escindidos y la primera es impotente para alterar lo segundo. Según la pragmática, sustentada entre otros por Merleau-Ponty, el significado no está dado por una previa apertura de mundo sino que va siendo establecido por un sentido inmanente a las prácticas, las cuales tienen el poder de abrir mundo. La filosofía, en este enfoque, tiene por tarea sustituir el sentido latente de las prácticas por un sentido manifiesto. En esa línea, Claude Lefort sostiene una concepción no esencialista de lo político, enfatiza la novedad de la democracia moderna y la relevancia de los derechos humanos.

This paper shows that, for a large range of parameters, the journal editor prefers to delegate the choice to review the manuscript to the biased referee. If the peer review process is informative and the review reports are costly for the reviewers, even biased referees with extreme scientific preferences may choose to become informed about the manuscript’s quality. On the contrary, if the review process is potentially informative but the reviewer reports are not costly for the referees, the biased reviewer has no incentive to become informed about the manuscript. Furthermore, if the reports are costly for referees but the peer review processes are not potentially informative, the biased reviewers will never become informed. In this paper, we also present a web resource that helps editors to experiment with the review process as a device for information transmission.

One of the most original philosophers to have addressed the world of information and computing technology in his writings, the Frenchman Pierre Musso, took a degree in Philosophy at the École Nationale Supérieure des Postes et Télécommunications, before obtaining a doctorate in Political Science at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Musso is professor of Information and Communication Sciences at the University of Rennes 2 and at Télécom Paris Tech. The technical network is the key topic and concept in his critical approach to information and communication technologies. Musso has carried out in-depth research on the dissemination and prevalence of networked power, not only in its instrumental aspects, but also and above all in its cultural and political aspects, adopting an approach involving a multidisciplinary dialogue. Musso’s research looks to history, the philosophy of technology and the social sciences in his search for the origins of the idea of the network. He argues that the concept did not arise with the Internet, but has its roots in the ideas – or perhaps it would be more accurate to say in the plans – of Henri Saint-Simon and his disciples who became high priests of industrial development, Saint-Amand Bazard, Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin, and Michel Chevalier, among others. In addition to this introduction, this book brings together various researchers' contributions on Musso's theories, and the final chapter contains his brief comments on those contributions.

Reflexión sobre la validez contemporánea de los estudios políticos descriptivos, desarrollados y difundidos por la ciencia política, disciplina en la que los politólogos anglo-americanos ocupan un lugar de privilegio. Considerando a Giovanni Sartori como el más importante propagador de estas teorías en la Europa continental, la metodología y las propuestas prácticas de su famoso ensayo The Theory of Democracy son contrastadas, por un lado, con los principales críticas que Adorno plantea al descriptivismo; por otro, con los argumentos con los que la realidad misma se enfrenta a su descripción putativa

La tendencia principal de los estudios sociológicos de la innovación la asumen como algo positivo, sin distinguirse de los discursos políticos y económicos dominantes que la conciben como un fin en sí mismo o un medio al servicio de la producción económica y mercantil. Este artículo cuestiona tal visión y busca trazar los presupuestos y factores más importantes que explican la dinámica de la innovación en el marco de las transformaciones en curso en el mundo actual. Se sugiere un enfoque para los estudios sociales en que la innovación sea interpretada como acción social, dotada de fines, articulada a otras actividades de la vida humana y, por lo tanto, susceptible de valoraciones éticas y morales. Un enfoque de este tipo permitiría esclarecer el sentido social e histórico de los procesos de innovación y también entenderlos en el plano amplio de sus consecuencias imprevistas, riesgos e incertidumbres para la sociedad, la existencia humana y el ecosistema global.

La quincena “Pensar en español” organizada por el Instituto de Filosofía ha tenido como objetivo impulsar una reflexión con sentido acerca de lo que el mundo Iberoamericano ha hecho en el campo de la Filosofía. En esta intervención, tras recordar algunos antecedentes de esta propuesta, me baso en un interesante texto de María Zambrano desde el cual es posible superar tópicos que han dirigido la indagación de nuestra historia y mostrar cómo la filosofía en lengua española ha denunciado usos absolutistas de la razón y contiene una propuesta a favor de otros usos liberadores que son una propuesta de realización de futuro.