M. Lopez

This article analyses the epistemic dimensions of the false positives phenomenon in Colombia, where thousands of civilians were forcibly disappeared and extrajudicially executed by members of the Armed Forces and later falsely presented as combat casualties. Drawing on recent epistemological theories, we argue that these crimes were enabled not only by the deliberate production of ignorance – through concealment, victim profiling, denial, and discrediting of whistleblowers – but also by widespread hermeneutical insensitivities that prevailed across Colombian society. These forms of epistemic injustice, rooted in entrenched negative stereotypes about marginalised populations, severely undermined the credibility of the victims’ families and obstructed access to truth and justice. We also explore how these injustices were institutionally produced and sustained, exacerbating the victims’ epistemic marginalisation. Finally, we examine the epistemic resistance carried out by victims’ collec-tives, especially MAFAPO, showing how their practices – public testimonies, symbolic actions, and truth-telling efforts – have disrupted dominant narratives, regenerated public sensibilities, and reconfigured the public knowledge space, thus playing a decisive role in confronting impunity and reclaiming memory.

The literature has shown that the theory of mental models is able to describe human inductive processes. That theory has been related to the structure of inductive inferences, such as Gautama’s Syllogism indicates. On the other hand, the theory of mental models has also been linked to modal system K. This paper argues that there can be a connection between Gautama’s Syllogism and system K, not in rigorous logical deductions but in describing how the human mind can work. They can refer to two different moments of inductive reasoning; the rule of necessitation of K can be a key element in the second of those moments.

There are expressions in natural language that are challenging for classical logic. I address one of them in this paper. It is an expression affirming two predicates with constants and negating the conjunction of those very predicates with the same constants. It is inconsistent in first-order predicate calculus. My proposal is that a non-axiomatic logic can deal with the expression with no difficulties. Just a few rules and concepts of that logic suffice. Based on the literature, I also resort to relations between certain statements in the non-axiomatic logic and the Stoic conditional.

The purpose of our investigation is to analyse the contribution of the insurance industry to sustainable finance in Spain and how this, in turn, is transforming the insurance industry itself. From there, we will also explore how insurers themselves and the concept of sustainable finance have an impact on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and how they may help to accomplish them.The proposed research methodology includes a section based on studies conducted by the sector’s employers’ association in Spain and another based on a series of interviews with experts and reference specialists. This is combined with an evaluation of best practices from leading entities, as well as a bibliographical review from institutional sources and monographs.Using these methods, we have demonstrated that insurance companies add value to sustainable finance from a triple perspective: as investors with high resource mobilisation potential; as expert risk managers, which now include environmental, social, and governance risks (ESG); and through the insurance business itself, through subscription policies and product and services creation/modification.Moving forward, we identified several areas of work which will be critical in defining the full potential of the insurance sector in the development of sustainable finance, such as EU regulatory development, integration of ESG risks into internal models, access to sustainable investment offer, and stakeholder valuation.

Several studies have addressed the White Horse Paradox from different perspectives. Although the essential elements of the sentence in the paradox can already be found in Mozi’s work, it is thought that Gongsun Long presented the paradoxical version of that very sentence. Here, I comment on some possible accounts related to logic, cognitive science and philosophy of science. However, my main goal is to show how Inheritance Logic deals with the paradox. It has been thought that the acceptance of the paradox depends on its interpretation: whether it relates the animal ‘horse’ to the color ‘white’ or the term ‘horse’ to the term ‘white’. I claim that, while it is easy to give reasons for rejecting the first interpretation, a logic such as Inheritance Logic is necessary to support the second interpretation. The reason is that the latter is a term logic, not a propositional or predicate logic.

Carlos V fundó la Universidad de Granada en 1526. La permanencia de la memoria fundacional en la ciudad granadina se manifiesta mediante un importante y numeroso patrimonio artístico que evoca y la vincula a su pasado histórico. Se pretende convertir el patrimonio universitario en un producto cultural, mediante la creación de un itinerario histórico-artístico, que ahonde en la faceta del emperador como patrono educativo y que permita superar el reducido concepto de la universidad como templo del saber.

Se estudia la percepción que tienen las personas que visitan Andalucía de patrimonio distinguido por Unesco en esta comunidad (grado de conocimiento que tienen las personas visitantes de dicho patrimonio, el medio por el cual lo han conocido, su interés en visitarlo y la valoración que otorgan a dicho patrimonio), descubriendo la imagen que tienen los y las visitantes a la comunidad autónoma andaluza de este patrimonio. La técnica de investigación ha sido la encuesta, con un total de 385. Hay que destacar que todos los bienes superan la nota de 3,44 sobre 5 respecto a valoración.

El estudio de la brecha de género ha despertado el interés de los organismos internacionales y de los investigadores. Este trabajo obtiene una visión general de la situación de la mujer en Europa. La investigación se realiza partiendo de variables de genero disponibles en repositorios internacionales y utilizando técnicas de análisis de datos. De modo general, la situación en Europa es positiva. Si bien, es necesario acometer mejoras en algunos países en ámbitos como el empresarial, el jurídico, y el político. También las mujeres de algunas naciones se beneficiarían de medidas para corregir la discriminación en el ámbito familiar.

El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) establece que el aprendizaje debe estar centrado en el estudiante. Partiendo de este enunciado, el artículo explica cómo la gamificación puede ser una técnica pedagógica que propicie el ansiado cambio en la docencia universitaria hacia donde marca el EEES. Este trabajo presenta el diseño de una metodología de gamificación sencilla y fácil de implementar en un Grado de Ingeniería utilizando Kahoot! como herramienta y su evolución a lo largo de tres cursos académicos. Los resultados indican que los alumnos ven más atractiva la asignatura, aumenta el seguimiento y mejoran sus resultados académicos.

Social care robots (SCR) have come to the forefront of the ethical debate. While the possibility of robots helping us tackle the global care crisis is promising for some, others have raised concerns about the adequacy of AI-driven technologies for the ethically complex world of care. The robots do not seem able to provide the comprehensive care many people demand and deserve, at least they do not seem able to engage in humane, emotion-laden and significant care relationships. In this article, we will propose to focus the debate on a particularly relevant aspect of care: trust. We will argue that, to answer the question of whether SCR are ethically acceptable, we must first address another question, namely, whether they are trustworthy. To this end, we propose a three-level model of trust analysis: rational, motivational and personal or intimate. We will argue that some relevant forms of caregiving (especially care for highly dependent persons) require a very personal or intimate type of care that distinguishes it from other contexts. Nevertheless, this is not the only type of trust happening in care spaces. We will adduce that, while we cannot have intimate or highly personal relationships with robots, they are trustworthy at the rational and thin motivational level. The fact that robots cannot engage in some (personal) aspects of care does not mean that they cannot be useful in care contexts. We will defend that critical approaches to trusting SCR have been sustained by two misconceptions and propose a new model for analyzing their moral acceptability: sociotechnical trust in teams of humans and robots.

Um problema para resolver na gramática generativa é explicar por que os meninos são capazes de notar quando uma frase ou expressão é ambígua, mesmo que não tenham recebido ensino explícito para isso. A teoria dos modelos mentais pode dar uma explicação nesse sentido. Essa explicação é baseada na ideia de que as pessoas interpretam as mensagens linguísticas considerando os modelos semânticos correspondentes a elas, e foi proposto que as estruturas sintáticas dessas mensagens podem ser recuperadas tomando esses mesmos modelos em consideração. No entanto, o ponto deste trabalho é que tenta mostrar que a ambiguidade ao nível semântico, isso é, os casos nos que modelos se referindo a fatos diferentes podem ser atribuídos a uma frase, não necessariamente leva a uma ambiguidade ao nível sintático. Como é argumentado, é possível captar modelos descrevendo várias circunstâncias opostas por meio de uma só forma lógica.

El artículo analiza las visiones de Kant y Bentham sobre el castigo. Kant lo concibe como justicia retributiva, basada en principios a priori que restauran el equilibrio moral. Por su parte, Bentham lo ve como un medio utilitario para maximizar la felicidad colectiva, priorizando la rehabilitación y la disuasión. Aunque ambos difieren en su fundamentación, coinciden en la necesidad del castigo para mantener el orden social. Kant enfatiza la libertad individual, mientras que Bentham privilegia la felicidad colectiva. Enfoques actuales reflejan estas posturas: la proporcionalidad kantiana en las penas y el utilitarismo benthamiano en la prevención. Sin embargo, ambos sistemas enfrentan retos contemporáneos como la desigualdad, el racismo y la inmigración. La reflexión se centra en el temor de que las leyes pierdan eficacia sin un componente punitivo, destacando la relevancia de combinar justicia, libertad y utilidad en debates éticos y jurídicos. Palabras clave: sanción, voluntad, justicia, ética, libertad, acción, intención.

Texto tardío publicado con motivo de una exposición de obras de Camilla Adami, “Tête-à-tête” de Jacques Derrida constituye un punto de convergencia temático alrededor de la cuestión del animal. En el presente artículo, con base en una traducción propia, que constituye la primera versión en español de esta obra, proponemos una lectura siguiendo las conjugaciones del pathos que se dan en él, identificaremos los motivos del ver y el tocar como claves para entender la postura derridiana en torno a la cuestión del animal. Esta última coloca las pasiones en el corazón de una ética no antropocentrista, capaz de tomar en cuenta al resto de los animales, lejos de toda perspectiva racionalista y logocéntrica.

Lukowski argued that four typical examples of inferences used to show that human beings’ natural reasoning is nonmonotonic do not reveal that. Lukowski’s analyses support the idea that those inferences are actually monotonic deductions. My aim here is to check whether a particular non-axiomatic logic is consistent with the habitual conclusions people draw in those kinds of inferences. This is relevant because that nonaxiomatic logic is the logical structure of a computer program. So, if the logic is coherent with the usual conclusions in those types of inferences, the computer program is also compatible with them.

This paper is situated within the framework of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and addresses how women in organizational spaces with strongly values-driven practices can contribute to a more sustainable development in the implementation of a Circular Bioeconomy. Companies aligned with this model have a special responsibility to orient their practices towards comprehensive and fair sustainability if they want to align themselves with the policy frameworks of ecological transition. The article asks whether there is a harmonization of the environmental and social dimensions of practices in companies aligned with the circular bioeconomy and how the participation of women in management positions (in this case, white women, college-educated and non-disabled women) can promote transformative organizational change. Based on the theories of CSR practices, critical feminist perspectives, and social practices theory, a comparative ethnographic approach is used, applying a multi-method (participant observation, interviews, and documents) and multi-site analysis with four companies. The study extends the empirical evidence aimed at favoring the adoption of integrated sustainable practices in organizations. Future research could investigate broader intersectional dynamics to provide more detail on the heterogeneity of the experiences and practices of women or feminist actors and their influence on organizations.

“El Pasado Entrometido: La memoria histórica como campo de batalla” del profesor Iván Garzón Vallejo (Crítica, 2022), es una invitación a explorar el carácter esencialmente trágico de las transiciones (a la democracia o de la guerra a la paz) en la que se expresan dilemas políticos centrales: reconciliación versos justicia; olvido versus memoria; política versus derecho; convivencia versus derechos humanos y, futuro versus pasado. Las sociedades, como las personas, atraviesan de forma no necesariamente secuencial, diferentes etapas del duelo: negación, ira, depresión, aceptación y negociación. Garzón Vallejo recalca la importancia de evitar el maniqueísmo para afrontar los claroscuros y las complejidades de las guerras. Cuestiona, además, la noción presente en el aforismo “quienes no pueden recordar su pasado están condenados a repetirlo” en la medida en que ni el pasado se repite siempre igual ni el recuerdo nos inmuniza frente al horror.

For years, the sexual and reproductive health of women with intellectual and developmental disability or disabilities has been insufficiently addressed by institutions and family members due to a lack of information, training, and, sometimes, religious issues. In this context, contraceptive digital pills can enhance the sexual and reproductive control of this population group. Digital pills could help to improve adherence to treatments aimed to prevent unwanted pregnancies, as well as allowing women and their caregivers to exert better drug intake control. However, there are some ethical risks to consider that may outweigh these benefits. This study sets out to explore the ethical considerations that should be taken into account in the case of a potential roll‐out of contraceptive digital pills as a way of improving the sexual and reproductive health of these women.