M. Lopez

The theory of the soul attributed to Thales of Miletus presents a complexity. It seems to imply a contradiction. Thales appears to state that the beings devoid of a soul possess a soul. This claim causes problems with its logical consideration. At least, it reveals problems if it is addressed within the framework of classical logic. In this paper, I try to show that those problems do not exist in Non-Axiomatic Logic. Due to its concept of extensional difference, the latter logic can deal with seemly contradictory theses such as that ascribed to Thales of Miletus. This is because extensional difference allows building compound terms that can be related to simple terms that, in principle, are inconsistent with them.

It is increasingly being recognised that tackling the problems of the current food system requires active involvement of ordinary citizens. Such engagement has also been linked to the emerging concept of food citizenship, entailing greater mobilisation on the part of citizens, although how this is observed varies in the literature. This scoping review mapped a range of activities associated with food citizenship and the definitions used in conjunction with them. This was done by examining peer-reviewed published articles and theses making direct reference to the operationalisation of food citizenship in 5 databases (n = 420). The analysis of the final sample of 45 studies suggested that recurring elements – including behaviours (such as participation in alternative food practices and agency in decision-making), a sense of community and increased knowledge or awareness – are often used in connection with the operationalisation of food citizenship. It additionally highlights that despite a limited number of studies available on the how food citizenship is being empirically captured, it cannot be measured through attitudes/values alone and exclude behaviours or vice-versa – each reinforces the other. Finally, nuances are apparent in the way food citizenship is being observed and defined, with measurements of participation in collective decision-making around food lagging behind references to this activity in definitions of food citizenship.

La premisa de la que parte la muestra colectiva “Fragmentos”, inaugurada a inicios de marzo del 2026 en el Museo de Arte y Memoria (MAM) de La Plata, es sencilla y compleja al mismo tiempo: pensar en las dimensiones sociales del último golpe de Estado cívico-militar en la Argentina, al cumplirse 50 años. Tener este propósito es pensar tanto en las causas como en las consecuencias, pero sobre todo en la multiplicidad de respuestas que se han dado para tramitar y discutir lo que produjo y dejó el terrorismo de Estado. Respuestas que, sabemos, se han generado desde una diversidad de ámbitos -institucionales y no institucionales-: mundos del arte, organizaciones políticas, sociales y culturales, leyes y políticas públicas reparatorias y de memoria, muchas de las cuales esta muestra recupera y presenta de modo didáctico, con rigor historiográfico y con algunas instancias de interactividad hacia el público visitante, mayormente contingentes de estudiantes.

There has been an increase in the number of jurisdictions legalizing or decriminalizing Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD). Legal frameworks worldwide strive to balance respect for autonomy with regulatory safeguards that both operationalize voluntary choice and prevent access to MAiD in cases of remediable despair or coerced decision‐making. However, the implementation of such an equilibrium diverges. Some legal systems prioritize personal autonomy and informed consent as the main criterion to access MAiD (e.g., US jurisdictions), while others also add the alleviation of suffering (e.g., The Netherlands). Using the lens of relational autonomy and focusing on Spain's MAiD legislation as a case study, this article poses the question of what notion of autonomy is implied in this system, and whether the imposition of certain safeguards might inadvertently undermine or restrict autonomy, in some specific cases. To that aim, we first analyze its stringent requirements for assessing the so‐called “euthanasic context” which establishes eligibility conditions to access MAiD; then, we highlight how some of its assessments can interfere with the person's autonomy. The analysis highlights how protective measures (e.g., three external assessments before the request is either granted or denied) may imply forms of pathogenic vulnerability, in which safeguards meant to protect autonomy could paradoxically heighten an individual's vulnerability while diminishing autonomy through forms of epistemic injustice. We conclude that these highly protective laws might fall into the “trap of protection,” illustrating the tension between safeguarding autonomy and respecting individuals’ capacity for self‐determination in the context of MAiD.

En este artículo nos acercaremos a la filosofía de las pasiones de Humberto Giannini de la mano del análisis de la ira. El filósofo chileno es parte de una tradición de pensamiento de la ira ligada a Aristóteles, que ve en ella una pasión compleja y ambigua. A partir de la recuperación que hace Tomás de esta tradición aristotélica y a diferencia de Nussbaum, para Giannini la ira puede cumplir la función ética de revelar el daño y el bien que se espera. En lo que sigue nos centraremos en la ira defectiva en el lenguaje, que Giannini expone en su artículo “El lenguaje de la ira” (Giannini, 1975). En este trabajo Giannini retomando a Santo Tomás se detiene en las formas de ira que se vierten en las palabras para reconstruir, en discusión con el semiólogo Benveniste, el discurso que esconden las expresiones blasfémicas, eufemísticas y los insultos en el castellano de Chile. Defendemos la tesis de que en este texto se consignan algunas posiciones fuertes del filósofo chileno frente al lenguaje, especialmente un pragmatismo sui generis del discurso hablado, que se mantendrá en su pensamiento maduro. De esta manera, concluiremos dando algunas notas acerca de la idea misma del lenguaje en Giannini.

El cineasta alemán Werner Schroeter filmó el documental De la Argentina entre 1983 y 1985. El filme permaneció desconocido durante tres décadas. Sus imágenes, conocidas a destiempo, rasgan los modos hegemónicos de considerar y narrar la transición democrática en Argentina, porque presentan un caleidoscopio en el que tienen relevancia las militancias por los derechos humanos, los activismos de la disidencia sexual y las acciones contraculturales. En este artículo se analizan esas imágenes en contrapunto con las narrativas predominantes, a la vez que se utiliza el filme para recorrer ese momento de salida de la dictadura cívico-militar, como una época de controversias por el sentido de la democracia. Si la triunfante fue la idea de la democracia como institucionalidad que brinda garantías y libertades, con un fuerte centro en la instancia judicial de juicio a los responsables militares del terrorismo de Estado, en De la Argentina se pueden atisbar otras líneas e ideas. De allí la potencia de su anacronismo, su existencia fuera de tiempo.

Companies play an important role in sustainable development. While many companies have incorporated ESG initiatives into their strategies, the specific impact of these efforts on the SDGs remains unclear, especially regarding how these initiatives are prioritized or aligned within corporate strategies. Despite the common relationship between ESG practices and sustainability, limited research has investigated how ESG strategies contribute to the SDGs. This paper aims to assess the ethical commitment of organizational practices, analysing how the combination of five ESG-related variables (ecological impacts, access and affordability, labour practices, product design and lifecycle management, and business ethics) leads to a positive contribution to the SDGs among 137 companies belonging to EUROSTOXX and S&P500 indexes. A fsQCA analysis has been conducted, distinguishing between ESG variables with internal, external, human and non-human connotations. The findings highlight that the combination of all these variables rather than isolated ESG practices is essential to achieve the SDGs. Although differences are shown between the companies belonging to the two indexes, ethical governance, environmental issues and labour practices have emerged as the most relevant ESG variables for achieving sustainable goals. This study provides a better understanding of what and how ESG initiatives can contribute to the SDGs, helping companies and policy makers identify the ethical approaches to consider when designing strategies to advance towards sustainable performance.

As part of the European Be better informed about Fertility project (B2-InF), we carried out a normative analysis of the information provided online by assisted reproduction clinics to the European public. This analysis aimed to determine the degree to which this information complies with regulations of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) and commercial information, and the main ethical implications related to the duty of information. Information was gathered from the websites of 33 clinics across 8 European countries (Albania, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Kosovo, Northern Macedonia, Slovenia, Switzerland). Nearly 2000 pages of information were reviewed and checked for compliance with relevant frameworks of national and international law. The assessment revealed significant inconsistencies in how clinics present information online, with particular concerns regarding transparency about success rates, associated risks, add-on techniques and the legal and ethical issues that may arise during the use of these techniques. The results of our analysis indicate an urgent need for enhanced regulatory oversight and standardized information requirements for assisted reproduction clinics across Europe. These findings suggest the necessity for harmonized legal frameworks that mandate comprehensive disclosure standards and establish effective enforcement mechanisms to ensure transparent and accurate information provision to potential patients.

Este trabajo intenta abordar la teoría de los modelos mentales desde Non-Axiomatic Logic (Lógica No Axiomática). La teoría de los modelos mentales describe procesos inferenciales naturales de las personas y tiene un fuerte apoyo empírico. Non-Axiomatic Logic permite construir un sistema computacional basado en ella. Por tanto, si la teoría de los modelos mentales es correcta y Non-Axiomatic Logic puede representar la teoría, es posible elaborar un sistema computacional basado en esta última lógica que llegue a conclusiones como las de la capacidad inferencial natural humana. Intento mostrar que, con varios elementos de Non-Axiomatic Logic, esta lógica puede recoger procesos inferenciales básicos que la teoría de los modelos mentales propone.

We used several cue–target SOAs and three different degrees of cue predictability , to investigate the role of awareness of cue–target predictability on cueing effects. A group of participants received instructions about the informative value of the cue, while another group did not receive such instructions. Participants were able to extract the predictive value of a spatially peripheral cue and use it to orient attention, whether or not specific instructions about the predictive value of the cue were given, and no matter their ability to correctly report it in a post-test questionnaire. In the non-predictive block, bad estimators who received no instructions showed regular cueing effects, while good estimators exhibited smaller and non-significant facilitatory effects at the short SOA and an absence of significant IOR at longer SOAs. However, for the instructions group, the pattern of results reversed

Socio-ecological conflicts about land use in Latin America are complex: they involve various actors and flare up due to the dynamics of colonization, spatial appropriation, and the commodification of land. This volume of the Handbook »The Anthropocene as Multiple Crisis« focuses on land use in the main macro-regions of Latin America from the colonial regime to the contemporary era of the Anthropocene. The contributions touch upon numerous aspects, from the transformations of material to the social practices, their political and legal regulations as well as the imaginaries of virgin territories. Consequently, far from limiting themselves to a static cartography of land use, the contributors investigate the appropriations of borders and historic transformations in land use.

This paper examines four aspects of the cognitive biology of Octopus vulgaris which, considered together, point to a model of neural organization radically different from that of vertebrates: the peripheral distribution of most of its nervous system, the presence of functional photoreceptors in the skin, the existence of active sleep states analogous to mammalian REM, and the behaviors commonly described as 'play.' The paper proposes the term 'confederal' for this organization, in contrast to the 'centralist' model of vertebrates. While vertebrate cortex controls the periphery in a hierarchical top-down manner, approximately two thirds of the octopus's 500 million neurons reside in the arm ganglia, which operate with genuine functional autonomy: they execute complex behaviors without central brain instruction and continue functioning after amputation. The central brain acts as a strategic authority, not as an execution manager. Cutaneous photoreception discovered by Ramirez and Oakley (2015) and extended by Maselli et al. (2025) reinforces the confederal model: octopus skin contains functional opsins and responds to light by expanding chromatophores without brain mediation. Camouflage can operate, at least partially, autonomously. Active sleep states documented by Medeiros and Ribeiro (2021) and confirmed electrophysiologically by Pophale et al. (2023) constitute a case of functional convergence with mammalian REM across lineages separated 530 million years ago, suggesting this type of sleep may be a necessary condition beyond a certain threshold of cognitive complexity. Regarding 'play,' the paper proposes a conceptual dissolution. Mather and Anderson's (1999) experiment does not document play but rather the functional use of water jets in a laboratory environment whose geometry produces effects not attributable to the animal. Kuba et al.'s (2006) experiment does describe a relevant phenomenon, but one interpretable as autonomous tactile exploration by individual ganglia lacking episodic memory: each contact with the object is, for the ganglion, functionally the first. The label 'play' introduces assumptions about central coordination and motivational states that have not been verified in cephalopods. The paper additionally formulates two theoretical proposals. First: an objection to the claimed universality of Tononi's Integrated Information Theory (IIT). Tononi constructs phi upon an implicitly chordate-centric model that assumes central integration as the sole path to functional complexity. The concept of Alt-phi, proposed here, describes an alternative pathway: functional complexity achieved not through organic integration — within a single organ — but through organismic multiplicity — within an organism composed of autonomous units. The data support the hypothesis that functionality and central integration are dissociable. Second: the absence of culture in an intelligent animal is explained as a structural consequence of confederal architecture. Culture requires sociality (Whiten et al., 1999), and sociality demands a centralized self-representation — a unified self — from which to project selfhood onto the other. Without such projection, the category 'other like me' does not exist; without it, there is no 'we'; and without 'we,' there is no social transmission of learning. The octopus can individualize objects in its environment, but individualization is not recognition of subjectivity.

El presente trabajo examina cuatro aspectos de la biología cognitiva de Octopus vulgaris que, considerados conjuntamente, apuntan a un modelo de organización neuronal radicalmente distinto al de los vertebrados: la distribución periférica de la mayor parte de su sistema nervioso, la presencia de fotorreceptores funcionales en la piel, la existencia de estados de sueño activo análogos al REM mamífero, y los comportamientos descritos habitualmente como «juego». El artículo propone denominar «confederal» a esta organización, en contraste con el modelo «centralista» de los vertebrados. Mientras que en estos el córtex controla la periferia de forma jerárquica y descendente, en el pulpo aproximadamente dos tercios de las 500 millones de neuronas residen en los ganglios de los brazos, que operan con autonomía funcional real: ejecutan comportamientos complejos sin instrucción del cerebro central y continúan funcionando tras la amputación. El cerebro central actúa como instancia estratégica, no como gestor de la ejecución. La fotorrecepción cutánea descubierta por Ramirez y Oakley (2015) y extendida por Maselli et al. (2025) refuerza el modelo confederal: la piel del pulpo contiene opsinas funcionales y responde a la luz expandiendo los cromatóforos sin mediación del cerebro. El camuflaje puede operar, al menos parcialmente, de forma autónoma. Los estados de sueño activo documentados por Medeiros y Ribeiro (2021) y confirmados electrofisiológicamente por Pophale et al. (2023) constituyen un caso de convergencia funcional con el REM mamífero en linajes separados hace 530 millones de años, lo que sugiere que este tipo de sueño puede ser una condición necesaria a partir de cierta complejidad cognitiva. Respecto al «juego», el artículo propone una disolución conceptual. El experimento de Mather y Anderson (1999) no documenta juego sino uso funcional del chorro de agua en un entorno de laboratorio cuya geometría produce efectos no atribuibles al animal. El de Kuba et al. (2006) sí describe un fenómeno relevante, pero interpretable como exploración táctil autónoma de ganglios individuales que carecen de memoria episódica: cada contacto con el objeto es, para el ganglio, funcionalmente el primero. La etiqueta «juego» introduce supuestos sobre coordinación central y estados motivacionales no verificados en cefalópodos. El artículo formula además dos propuestas teóricas. Primera: una objeción a la pretensión de universalidad de la teoría de la información integrada (IIT) de Tononi. Tononi construye phi sobre un modelo implícitamente cordadocéntrico que asume la integración central como única vía hacia la complejidad funcional. El concepto de Alt-phi, aquí propuesto, describe una vía alternativa: complejidad funcional alcanzada no por integración orgánica —en un órgano— sino por multiplicidad organísmica —en un organismo compuesto de unidades autónomas—. Los datos hacen plausible la hipótesis de que funcionalidad e integración central son disociables. Segunda: la ausencia de cultura en un animal inteligente se explica como consecuencia estructural de la arquitectura confederal. La cultura requiere socialidad (Whiten et al., 1999), y la socialidad exige una autorrepresentación centralizada —un yo unificado— desde la cual proyectar yoidad sobre el otro. Sin esa proyección no existe la categoría «otro como yo», sin ella no hay «nosotros», y sin «nosotros» no hay transmisión social del aprendizaje. El pulpo individualiza objetos en su entorno, pero individualizar no es reconocer subjetividad.

Uma vez que o condicional material pode ser verdadeiro em três situações diferentes, um dado empírico pode confirmar diferentes condicionais. De fato, o mesmo dado pode confirmar até condicionais que parecem estar em contradição entre eles. Por meio de um exemplo apresentado por Khemlani, Byrne e Johnson-Laird, esta questão é considerada mais abaixo. Para isso, o presente artigo recorre ao conceito de sentença de redução oferecido por Carnap. As conclusões remetem à ideia de que, se este último conceito for assumido, os problemas da confirmação do condicional parecem desaparecer. Isso é, pelo menos, no que diz respeito ao exemplo tratado aqui.

Global warming, mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions, presents an emergency in which green energies are expected to play a significant role. While renewable technologies such as wind, solar, and hydropower dominate green energy generation, geothermal energy is gaining attention as a viable and reliable alternative. When combined with heat pumps, geothermal systems offer a consistent heat supply unaffected by weather variability, making them particularly suitable for replacing fossil fuels in applications like air conditioning and domestic hot water in residential and commercial buildings. Geothermal energy’s growing prominence highlights its potential as a critical component in addressing the global climate crisis. This study examines the application of Deep Learning (DL) models to forecast the temperature of the input collector in a heat pump fed by a geothermal installation in a bioclimatic residential building, aiming to optimize energy management and minimize environmental impacts. In addition to a statistical baseline model, ARIMAX (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables), five different DL model architectures were developed, tuned, and evaluated: Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), Transformers, LSTM-Transformer, and a hybrid approach that combines LSTM and Convolutional Neural Network. Among the experiments, the GRU model performed better, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of $2.19^\circ C$, with the LSTM-Transformer model following closely with an RMSE of $2.23^\circ C$. These results highlight both the GRU’s efficiency and the hybrid approach’s potential in balancing forecasting capability and effectiveness. These findings emphasize the critical role of predictive analytics in optimizing energy systems in bioclimatic contexts.

This article investigates the meaning of “The Origin of Truth” (Merleau-Ponty) with the aim of addressing the post-truth phenomenon that prevails today. It begins by examining the phenomenological connection between truth and evidence to understand Merleau-Pontian perceptual “faith” and its relationship with the Urdoxa (Husserl). The study analyzes its development thanks to language as well as its instrumentalization in the post-truth era. In contrast, it describes the influence of expression on the Merleau-Pontian notion of “institution”, applied to truth. Its comparison with the “foundation” (Arendt) and the “fundierung” (Husserl) it will allow us to explore the interrelationship between truths of fact and truths of reason in order to describe the critical rationality required by truth. Both act against post-truth and the substitution of philosophy for technology and ontological truth for verification and efficiency.

This paper proposes a radical reconfiguration of medical ethics by placing suffering—not as a clinical symptom or ancillary datum, but as an ontological category—at the center of ethical deliberation. In the face of a fragmented and technified clinical practice, we argue that suffering is the only truly universal human experience, irreducible to cultural, linguistic, or ideological variations. As such, it offers a potent, immanent foundation for a non-relative ethics in medicine. Drawing on the philosophical contributions of Heidegger, Levinas, Jonas, Jaspers, Butler, and Schopenhauer, we develop a model of medical ethics rooted in the shared and asymmetrical vulnerability that suffering reveals. Rather than abstract principles or procedural deontology, this model emphasizes narrative, responsibility, and hospitality as structural dimensions of the clinical act. We contend that medicine must move from being a problem-solving technique to becoming a space of presence, attention, and recognition—where suffering is not erased but welcomed. The clinical encounter is thus reimagined as a site of ontological unveiling, where the physician’s role is not merely to diagnose or intervene, but to bear witness, to accompany, and to share in the exposure of the other. This ethics of suffering entails epistemological shifts (through narrative and phenomenology), spatial transformations (via architecture of care), and institutional reforms (integrating patients’ voices and lived experience). Ultimately, we propose suffering not as a failure of health, but as the ethical ground from which a truly human medicine must begin.

This research offers an innovative perspective on the study of Law 7/2024 on Cultural Heritage of Castilla y León by integrating a social inclusion and cultural rights, approach, assessing its alignment with international frameworks. Through a qualitative methodology based on critical analysis of legal discourse, it examines aspects such as universal accessibility, citizen participation, heritage education, and the recognition of intangible cultural heritage. The results reveal significant progress towards an inclusive heritage model, although remain in practical implementation and in addressing territorial and social diversity. The study highlights the need for more intersectional policies and effective mechanisms to ensure that all people can access heritage, participate actively, and pass on their cultural legacy.

Organ Donation after Medical Aid in Dying (OD-MAiD) is currently practised in four countries: Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, and Spain. While OD-MAiD shares some similarities with MAiD (absent the possibility of organ donation) and with standard organ donation protocols, the combination of OD and MAiD involves unique circumstances that present novel ethical challenges. These challenges revolve around donors' consent and protection, the dead donor rule, and organ allocation. This paper explores these moral challenges and proposes strategies to ensure ethical safeguards in the context of OD-MAiD. An underlying question is whether OD-MAiD, if permitted, should follow the ethical guidelines of living donation or deceased donation, as these two practices commonly operate under distinct moral paradigms. While the living donation paradigm is centred on the protection of donors' interests and emphasises individual choice by allowing donors to decide who receives their organs, the deceased donation framework places more emphasis on enabling recipients to benefit from transplant, and organ allocation is typically based on impartiality. OD-MAiD also raises ethical concerns about how the possibility of donation could influence a patient's decision to seek euthanasia and/or interfere with optimal end-of-life care. Proposing organ donation to individuals considering MAiD could conceivably create pressure to proceed with euthanasia, either to realise a social good or to satisfy the needs of loved ones (if a family member requires an organ). This may undermine the patient's autonomy or well-being at the end of life.

O paradoxo dos corvos negros proposto por Carl Hempel é um problema se for analisado a partir da lógica padrão. Isto é assim porque as equivalências nessa lógica pode levar a pensar que os indivíduos devem realizar determinadas ações que eles não costumam fazer. Neste artigo, vou mostrar que, se ignorarmos a lógica padrão e assumirmos outros sistemas, o problema desaparece, uma vez que essas mesmas ações não são esperadas. Em particular, eu uso como exemplos duas abordagens: a da lógica estoica e a da teoria dos modelos mentais.

This research aims to present a literature review regarding developments in financial performance in the latest research in the electricity industry. This research uses a qualitative analysis approach with the Connected Paper application. The keywords used are financial performance and the electricity industry. The study found that financial performance was used in research by linking it to various aspects of corporate organization, including technological activities, innovation exploitation and exploration, alliances and performance, the importance of geographic location in exploration and exploitation, as well as environmentally friendly innovation and its driving factors. These findings also show that social, economic and environmental factors have a significant influence on environmentally friendly innovation in the long term. The originality of this research lies in the comprehensive approach taken in reviewing various related literature sources so that this research can provide important insights for readers, open up new opportunities for further research, and enrich understanding of the topic of company financial performance.

Socially responsible human resource management (SR‐HRM) is becoming increasingly important for academics and managers. The interface between HRM and corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the subject of analysis in this article. It adopts a contextual perspective to analyze whether the institutional context influences the implementation of socially responsible HRM (SR‐HRM). Considering the differences in the national institutional contexts across Europe, this study explores the different models of SR‐HRM in that region. The research is focused on a sample of 153 companies headquartered in Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The findings evidence the influence exerted by the national institutional context on the implementation of SR‐HRM. Differences among country clusters suggest the existence of different models of SR‐HRM in Europe. However, these models do not correspond to the blocks on HRM or on CSR identified by the literature but instead provide a novel categorization.